abstract：:It remains unclear why there is such marked variation in the severity of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) epidemic between African countries. The prevalence of HIV infection has reached high levels in many parts of southern Africa but in most countries of West Africa the levels are much lower. Although there is ...

journal_title：Bulletin of the World Health Organization

authors： O'Farrell N

更新日期：2001-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：OBJECTIVE:To determine areas of low vaccination coverage in five cities in Bangladesh (Chittagong, Dhaka, Khulna, Rajshahi, and Syedpur). METHODS:Six studies using lot quality assurance sampling were conducted between 1995 and 1997 by Basic Support for Institutionalizing Child Survival and the Bangladesh National Expa...

journal_title：Bulletin of the World Health Organization

authors： Tawfik Y,Hoque S,Siddiqi M

更新日期：2001-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Using a sexually transmitted diseases simulation model (STDSIM), we made projections of HIV spread for four profiles of sexual behaviour reflecting patterns encountered across the developing world: 1) much commercial sex, no short relationships; 2) commercial sex, concurrent short relationships; 3) concurrent relation...

journal_title：Bulletin of the World Health Organization

authors： van Vliet C,Meester EI,Korenromp EL,Singer B,Bakker R,Habbema JD

更新日期：2001-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Four points are made about globalization and health. First, economic integration is a powerful force for raising the incomes of poor countries. In the past 20 years several large developing countries have opened up to trade and investment, and they are growing well--faster than the rich countries. Second, there is no ...

journal_title：Bulletin of the World Health Organization

authors： Dollar D

更新日期：2001-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:In developing countries, chronic respiratory diseases represent a challenge to public health because of their frequency, severity, projected trends, and economic impact. Health care planners, for example, are faced with a dramatic increase in tobacco use and must establish priorities for the allocation of limited reso...

journal_title：Bulletin of the World Health Organization

authors： Aït-Khaled N,Enarson D,Bousquet J

更新日期：2001-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The impact of visual loss has profound implications for the person affected and society as a whole. The majority of blind people live in developing countries, and generally, their blindness could have been avoided or cured. Given the current predictions that the number of blind people worldwide will roughly double by ...

journal_title：Bulletin of the World Health Organization

authors： West S,Sommer A

更新日期：2001-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：OBJECTIVE:To determine trends in the causes of death in a West African town. Mortality caused by infectious diseases is reported to be declining while degenerative and man-made mortality factors are increasingly significant. Most mortality analyses for sub-Saharan Africa have involved extrapolation and have not been de...

journal_title：Bulletin of the World Health Organization

authors： van der Sande MA,Inskip HM,Jaiteh KO,Maine NP,Walraven GE,Hall AJ,McAdam KP

更新日期：2001-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：OBJECTIVE:To determine the impact of user fees on the utilization of health services in a community-based cost-sharing scheme in Kabarole District, western Uganda. METHODS:Of the 38 government health units that had introduced user-fee financing schemes, 11 were included in the study. Outpatient utilization was assesse...

journal_title：Bulletin of the World Health Organization

authors： Kipp W,Kamugisha J,Jacobs P,Burnham G,Rubaale T

更新日期：2001-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:User fees are used to recover costs and discourage unnecessary attendance at primary care clinics in many developing countries. In South Africa, user fees for children aged under 6 years and pregnant women were removed in 1994, and in 1997 all user fees at all primary health care clinics were abolished. The intention ...

journal_title：Bulletin of the World Health Organization

authors： Wilkinson D,Gouws E,Sach M,Karim SS

更新日期：2001-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：OBJECTIVE:To improve the use and dosage of antibiotics prescribed at Commune Health Stations in Viet Nam, and in so doing find out whether antibiotic dosage can be easily and reliably measured as a drug-use indicator. METHODS:All commune health workers from the 217 commune health stations in Hai Phong Province, Viet N...

journal_title：Bulletin of the World Health Organization

authors： Chalker J

更新日期：2001-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Urban living is the keystone of modern human ecology. Cities have multiplied and expanded rapidly worldwide over the past two centuries. Cities are sources of creativity and technology, and they are the engines for economic growth. However, they are also sources of poverty, inequality, and health hazards from the envi...

journal_title：Bulletin of the World Health Organization

authors： McMichael AJ

更新日期：2000-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Neurocysticercosis is an infection of the nervous system caused by Taenia solium. It is the most important human parasitic neurological disease and a common cause of epilepsy in Africa, Asia, and Latin America, representing enormous costs for anticonvulsants, medical resources and lost production. Neurocysticercosis i...

journal_title：Bulletin of the World Health Organization

authors： Román G,Sotelo J,Del Brutto O,Flisser A,Dumas M,Wadia N,Botero D,Cruz M,Garcia H,de Bittencourt PR,Trelles L,Arriagada C,Lorenzana P,Nash TE,Spina-França A

更新日期：2000-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The largest outbreak of poliomyelitis ever recorded in Africa (1093 cases) occurred from 1 March to 28 May 1999 in Luanda, Angola, and in surrounding areas. The outbreak was caused primarily by a type-3 wild poliovirus, although type-1 wild poliovirus was circulating in the outbreak area at the same time. Infected ind...

journal_title：Bulletin of the World Health Organization

authors： Valente F,Otten M,Balbina F,Van de Weerdt R,Chezzi C,Eriki P,Van-Dúnnen J,Bele JM

更新日期：2000-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The 1990s have seen a remarkable decrease in mortality among infants and children in most developing countries. In some countries, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa, these declines in mortality among children have slowed and are now increasing again. Internationally comparable data derived from survey programmes, suc...

journal_title：Bulletin of the World Health Organization

authors： Rutstein SO

更新日期：2000-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：INTRODUCTION:In 1996 we conducted a cross-sectional survey to study the epidemiology of smoking among Kuwaiti adults. METHODS:The 4000 participants were selected using a three-stage stratified cluster sampling design. Altogether 3859 participants (1798 males, 2061 females) returned a completed self-administered questi...

journal_title：Bulletin of the World Health Organization

authors： Memon A,Moody PM,Sugathan TN,el-Gerges N,al-Bustan M,al-Shatti A,al-Jazzaf H

更新日期：2000-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:This paper generates and analyses survey data on inequalities in mortality among infants and children aged under five years by consumption in Brazil, Côte d'Ivoire, Ghana, Nepal, Nicaragua, Pakistan, the Philippines, South Africa, and Viet Nam. The data were obtained from the Living Standards Measurement Study and the...

journal_title：Bulletin of the World Health Organization

authors： Wagstaff A

更新日期：2000-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：INTRODUCTION:Sustainable control of malaria in sub-Saharan Africa is jeopardized by dwindling public health resources resulting from competing health priorities that include an overwhelming acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) epidemic. In Mpumalanga province, South Africa, rational planning has historically been ...

journal_title：Bulletin of the World Health Organization

authors： Booman M,Durrheim DN,La Grange K,Martin C,Mabuza AM,Zitha A,Mbokazi FM,Fraser C,Sharp BL

更新日期：2000-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:While relapses following clinical cure of American cutaneous leishmaniasis are frequent, no test has been described until now to predict such relapses. A cohort of 318 American cutaneous leishmaniasis patients was followed up for two years after treatment with meglumine antimoniate, during which time 32 relapses occur...

journal_title：Bulletin of the World Health Organization

authors： Passos VM,Barreto SM,Romanha AJ,Krettli AU,Volpini AC,Lima e Costa MF

更新日期：2000-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：INTRODUCTION:Overall mortality rates are higher among cigarette smokers than non-smokers. However, very little is known about the health effects of other forms of tobacco use widely prevalent in India, such as bidi smoking and various forms of smokeless tobacco (e.g. chewing betel-quid). We therefore carried out a coho...

journal_title：Bulletin of the World Health Organization

authors： Gupta PC,Mehta HC

更新日期：2000-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:This article provides an overview of managed health care in the USA--what has been achieved and what has not--and some lessons for policy-makers in other parts of the world. Although the backlash by consumers and providers makes the future of managed care in the USA uncertain, the evidence shows that it has had a posi...

journal_title：Bulletin of the World Health Organization

authors： Sekhri NK

更新日期：2000-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:There is widespread agreement that both the configuration and the application of state authority in the health sector should be realigned in the interest of achieving agreed policy objectives. The desired outcome is frequently characterized as a search for good governance serving the public interest. The present paper...

journal_title：Bulletin of the World Health Organization

authors： Saltman RB,Ferroussier-Davis O

更新日期：2000-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:In the fight against the HIV/AIDS pandemic different approaches can be distinguished, reflecting professional backgrounds, world views and political interests. One important distinction is between the biomedical and the development paradigms. The biomedical paradigm is characterized by individualization and the concep...

journal_title：Bulletin of the World Health Organization

authors： Wolffers I

更新日期：2000-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Since the first attempt at vaccination more than 200 years ago, debate has been ongoing about the relative benefits and risks. However, debate was overshadowed by the threat of crippling illness and death. Over the years, vaccination programs succeeded in its goals: eradication of smallpox, near eradication of polio,...

journal_title：Bulletin of the World Health Organization

authors： Pless R

更新日期：2000-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:In 1995, the WHO Regional Office for Africa launched a logistics project to address the four main areas of immunization logistics: the cold chain, transport, vaccine supply and quality, and the safety of injections in the countries of the region. The impact of this logistic approach on immunization injection safety wa...

journal_title：Bulletin of the World Health Organization

authors： Dicko M,Oni AQ,Ganivet S,Kone S,Pierre L,Jacquet B

更新日期：2000-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The International Consortium in Psychiatric Epidemiology (ICPE) was established in 1998 by WHO to carry out cross-national comparative studies of the prevalences and correlates of mental disorders. This article describes the findings of ICPE surveys in seven countries in North America (Canada and USA), Latin America (...

journal_title：Bulletin of the World Health Organization

authors：

更新日期：2000-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Many countries in Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) are currently reforming their national health sectors and also implementing a comprehensive approach to reproductive health care. Three regional workshops to explore how health sector reform could improve reproductive health services have revealed the inherently ...

journal_title：Bulletin of the World Health Organization

authors： Langer A,Nigenda G,Catino J

更新日期：2000-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Analysis of three years of data from a malaria clinic operated by the Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) in the Government Medical College Hospital in Jabalpur, central India, showed a high malaria prevalence among pregnant women, which was statistically highly significant (P < 0.0001) compared with the situati...

journal_title：Bulletin of the World Health Organization

authors： Singh N,Shukla MM,Sharma VP

更新日期：1999-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Mycotoxicoses are diseases caused by mycotoxins, i.e. secondary metabolites of moulds. Although they occur more frequently in areas with a hot and humid climate, favourable for the growth of moulds, they can also be found in temperate zones. Exposure to mycotoxins is mostly by ingestion, but also occurs by the dermal ...

journal_title：Bulletin of the World Health Organization

authors： Peraica M,Radić B,Lucić A,Pavlović M

更新日期：1999-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:An outline is presented of progress in the development of health expectancy indicators, which are growing in importance as a means of assessing the health status of populations and determining public health priorities. ...

journal_title：Bulletin of the World Health Organization

authors： Robine JM,Romieu I,Cambois E

更新日期：1999-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:This article surveys the attitudes and perceptions of a random sample of the elderly population in three regions of Italy on the use and efficacy of influenza vaccine. The data were collected by direct interviews using a standard questionnaire. The results show that vaccination coverage against influenza is inadequate...

journal_title：Bulletin of the World Health Organization

authors： Pregliasco F,Sodano L,Mensi C,Selvaggi MT,Adamo B,D'Argenio P,Giussani F,Simonetti A,Carosella MR,Simeone R,Dentizi C,Montanaro C,Ponzio G

更新日期：1999-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The WHO Alliance for Global Elimination of Trachoma by 2020 has increased the need to identify ocular chlamydial infections by clinical examination in areas of both high and low prevalence. The relationship between clinically active trachoma (as defined by clinical examination) and chlamydial infection is known for ar...

journal_title：Bulletin of the World Health Organization

authors： Baral K,Osaki S,Shreshta B,Panta CR,Boulter A,Pang F,Cevallos V,Schachter J,Lietman T

更新日期：1999-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The eradication of poliomyelitis in Cuba, for which effective vaccines had to be acquired, is reviewed in this article. The strategy for eradication was based on mass immunization campaigns for the annual delivery of two doses of trivalent Sabin oral poliovirus vaccine (OPV). Except during the first campaign in 1962, ...

journal_title：Bulletin of the World Health Organization

authors： Más Lago P

更新日期：1999-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:In Tlaxcala State, Mexico, we determined that 80% of children who died from diarrhoea or acute respiratory infections (ARI) received medical care before death; in more than 70% of the cases this care was provided by a private physician. Several strategies have been developed to improve physicians' primary health care ...

journal_title：Bulletin of the World Health Organization

authors： Bojalil R,Guiscafré H,Espinosa P,Viniegra L,Martínez H,Palafox M,Gutiérrez G

更新日期：1999-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Health care reform in Europe is discussed in the light of the Ljubljana Charter, with particular reference to progress made in Estonia and Lithuania. ...

journal_title：Bulletin of the World Health Organization

authors： Vienonen M,Jankauskiene D,Vask A

更新日期：1999-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The aim of this study was to obtain information, using a written questionnaire, on the knowledge, smoking behaviour, and attitudes of Costa Rican physicians about smoking as a health issue. A random sample of 650 physicians was chosen from a list of active physicians; 287 of them were covered by survey between August ...

journal_title：Bulletin of the World Health Organization

authors： Grossman DW,Knox JJ,Nash C,Jiménez JG

更新日期：1999-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Current textbooks link influenza pandemics to influenza A virus subtypes H2 (1889-91), H3 (1990), H1 (1918-20), H2 (1957-58) and H3 (1968), a pattern suggesting subtype recycling in humans. Since H1 reappeared in 1977, whatever its origin, some workers feel that H2 is the next pandemic candidate. This report reviews t...

journal_title：Bulletin of the World Health Organization

authors： Dowdle WR

更新日期：1999-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:In Papua New Guinea the bottle-feeding of babies has been increasing, predominantly among unemployed women of low educational status. Many women are unaware of their legal right to have breaks at work for the purpose of breastfeeding, and a high proportion of workplaces have no facilities for mothers who wish to breas...

journal_title：Bulletin of the World Health Organization

authors： Friesen H,Vince J,Boas P,Danaya R

更新日期：1999-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The concept proposed by WHO of an essential drugs list that should comprise drugs corresponding to the health needs of the majority of the people has been embraced by countries, which have adapted it to their needs. In this study, the essential antibacterial drug lists of 16 countries chosen from the six WHO regions a...

journal_title：Bulletin of the World Health Organization

authors： Fasehun F

更新日期：1999-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Evaluation of disease outcome is central to the assessment of tuberculosis (TB) control programmes. In the study reported in this article we examined the factors influencing the measurement of outcome, survival rates during and after treatment, smear conversion rates, and relapse rates for patients diagnosed with TB i...

journal_title：Bulletin of the World Health Organization

authors： Glynn JR,Warndorff DK,Fine PE,Munthali MM,Sichone W,Pönnighaus JM

更新日期：1998-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The idea that malaria in South-East Asia is synonymous with adult malaria is questioned in this paper. In the Lao People's Democratic Republic, community-based malariometric data were collected in Savannakhet Province, which shares borders with Viet Nam in the east and Thailand in the west. The data indicate that ende...

journal_title：Bulletin of the World Health Organization

authors： Anothay O,Pongvongsa T

更新日期：1998-01-01 00:00:00